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What is testosterone?Testosterone is a type of sex hormone primarily responsible for the development of male characteristics. It is present in both sexes, but concentrations are naturally higher in men, which is why it is sometimes called the male hormone.In men, testosterone is produced mainly in the testicles and to a lesser extent by the adrenal glands. Two areas of the brain - the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland - act a bit like a thermostat to make sure that testosterone levels are tightly controlled to stay within normal limits.Testosterone is responsible for changes during puberty such as the deepening of the voice, body hair growth and growth rates. In adults, it plays an important role in regulating some aspects:Sex (libido)Muscle growth and developmentBone massRed blood cell productionMood and energy levelsHow important is testosterone for men?Body and facial hair growthRegulates sperm production Testosterone deficiency can cause  everything from fatigue to decreased sex drive. 

There are many signs and symptoms of low testosterone. Some are closely related to Low-T levels (specific signs and symptoms). Others may be unrelated (non-specific signs and symptoms). Your doctor can help you understand your situation.Specific symptoms of testosterone deficiency (TD)Specific symptoms are those that are more or directly related to TD, such as:Decreased sexual interestErectile function Loss of body hairLess beard growthLoss of lean muscle massFeeling very tired all the time (fatigue)Obesity (overweight)Symptoms of depressionTestosterone deficiency non-specific signs/symptoms (TD)Non-specific symptoms are symptoms that may or may not be associated with TD, such as:Low energy levels, stamina and strengthPoor memoryDifficulty finding words to sayPoor attentionNot performing well at workHaving one of the specific or non-specific symptoms may not mean you have TD. But if you have a number of symptoms, for example, you start feeling very tired and sad over a period of time, and this is a change for you, you may want to check for TD.Just having a low sex drive may not mean you have TD. But if you have low sex drive, decreased erectile function, feeling sad and tired, you should talk to your doctor.CausesSome people are born with conditions that cause testosterone deficiency (TD), such as:Klinefelter syndromeNoonan syndromeIndeterminate genitalia (when the genitals develop in unusual shapes)Some men may develop Low-T due to:Accidental damage to the testiclesRemoval of the testicles due to cancerChemotherapy or radiationPituitary disease causing hormone deficiencyInfectionAutoimmune disease (when the body produces antibodies that attack its own cells) Basically, if the testicles continue to produce less testosterone than normal, testosterone levels in the blood decrease. Many men who develop TD have low T levels:AgingObesityMetabolic syndrome (high blood pressure, high blood sugar, unhealthy cholesterol levels, and belly fat)Use of medications such as antidepressants and pain medications Certain health men with problems have low testosterone levels. Some of them are:HIV (about 30 out of 100 have low testosterone)AIDS (50 out of 100 have low testosterone) DiagnosisAlthough many symptoms can be attributed to low testosterone (Low-T), Total blood testosterone levels are the most important measure of testosterone deficiency. Your doctor will use other specific signs and symptoms in addition to blood testosterone levels to make a diagnosis.

Qishda ko'plab haydovchilar jamoat transportidan ko'ra shaxsiy transportni afzal ko'radilar. Va bu tushunarli: isitgich va o'rindiqni isitish funksiyasi tufayli avtomobil ichida doimo issiq bo'ladi. Biroq, har safar isitishni faollashtirganda, sog'liq uchun mumkin bo'lgan oqibatlarni esga olish kerak. Uzoq muddatli va haddan tashqari issiqlik tanaga, ayniqsa tos a'zolariga jiddiy zarar etkazishi mumkin. Bu variantdan butunlay voz kechishimiz kerakmi?Nima uchun isitiladigan o'rindiqlar zararli bo'lishi mumkin?Tos bo'shlig'iga uzoq vaqt issiqlik ta'siri, jinsidan qat'i nazar, barcha odamlar uchun xavflidir. To'g'ri, erkaklar anatomiyasining o'ziga xos xususiyatlari tufayli ko'proq xavf-xatarlarga duchor bo'lishadi. Erkak jinsiy a'zolarining harorati salomatlik va tug'ilishni saqlashda asosiy rol o'ynaydi. Moyaklar bir sababga ko'ra tanadan tashqarida joylashgan: skrotum odatda sperma normal ishlashi uchun zarur bo'lgan umumiy tana haroratidan taxminan ikki daraja past haroratni saqlaydi.O'rindiqni isitishdan foydalanganda, kasık sohasidagi harorat 4-5 darajaga oshishi mumkin. Bu moyaklar haddan tashqari qizib ketishiga olib keladi, bu esa sperma sifatiga salbiy ta'sir qiladi. Sperma kam faollashishi yoki hatto harakat qilish qobiliyatini yo'qotishi mumkin. Doimiy qizib ketish erkaklarning bepushtlik ehtimolini oshiradi.Issiq o'rindiqlar prostatit kabi yallig'lanish kasalliklarini ham qo'zg'atishi mumkin. Ko'tarilgan harorat patogen mikroorganizmlarning rivojlanishi uchun qulay muhit yaratadi, bu esa prostata bezidagi yallig'lanish jarayonlariga olib keladi. Prostatit qorinning pastki qismida og'riqlar, tez-tez siyish istagi va umumiy noqulaylik bilan birga keladi.Shuningdek, prostata adenomasi, prostata bezi to'qimalarining yaxshi kengayishi xavfi mavjud. O'simta yaxshi deb hisoblansa-da, uning oqibatlari juda jiddiy bo'lishi mumkin. Adenoma buyrak toshlari va buyrak etishmovchiligi kabi asoratlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Ushbu holatni davolash jarrohlik aralashuvni talab qiladi.Issiq o'rindiqlarni muntazam ravishda ishlatish prostata bezining tez o'sishini rag'batlantiradi, bu vaqt o'tishi bilan "prostata adenomasi" tashxisiga olib kelishi mumkin. Jarrohlik bu muammoni hal qilishning yagona yo'li bo'ladi.Tayanch-harakat tizimi kasalliklariIssiqlik mushaklarni bo'shashtiradi, shuning uchun uzoq vaqt davomida bir holatda o'tirish umurtqa pog'onasi va bo'g'imlarga yukni oshirib, surunkali og'riq va noqulaylik tug'dirishi mumkin.Teri muammolariKo'pgina erkaklar terining holatiga unchalik ahamiyat bermasalar ham, teri kasalliklari juda ko'p noqulayliklar keltirib chiqaradi. Issiq o'rindiqlarni haddan tashqari ko'p ishlatish issiqlik toshmalariga olib kelishi mumkin, terining tirnash xususiyati qichishishni keltirib chiqaradi. Soqoldan keyin paydo bo'ladigan qizarish va tirnash xususiyati ham paydo bo'lishi mumkin.Isitish vaqtida terlashning ko'payishi bakteriyalarning ko'payishi uchun ideal sharoitlarni yaratadi, bu esa turli dermatologik muammolarga olib kelishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, qulay haydash o'rniga, siz yoqimsiz teri kasalliklariga duchor bo'lishingiz mumkin.Psixo-emotsional buzilishlarBu sarlavhadandan hayron bo'ldingizmi? Issiqlikning doimiy ta'sir qilish haydovchining hissiy holatiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin bo'lgan noqulaylik tug'dirishi mumkin. Misol uchun, haddan tashqari qizib ketgan charm yoki ko'pikli o'rindiqlar haydash paytida tirnash xususiyati yoki charchoqqa olib kelishi mumkin. Isitiladigan o'rindiqlarni qachon o'chirishni bilish qiyin bo'lishi mumkin, ayniqsa sizning to'liq e'tiboringiz yo'lga qaratilgan bo'lsa. Shunday qilib, agar yo'lovchilaringiz siz rulda haddan tashqari tajovuzkor bo'lib qolganingizni sezsalar, muammo sizda emas, balki o'zingiz yaratgan sharoitda bo'lishi mumkin.Agar havo sovuq bo'lsa va  isitish zarur  bo'lsa,  u holda nima qilish kerak?Qishda isitiladigan o'rindiqlardan voz kechish psixologik va jismoniy jihatdan juda qiyin. Yaxshiyamki, isitishning salbiy ta'sirini bir necha oddiy qoidalarga rioya qilish orqali kamaytirish mumkin.Qanday qilib isitiladigan o'rindiqlardan xavfsiz foydalanish kerak·       Oʻrindiqni oldindan qizdiring. Sayohatdan 10-15 daqiqa oldin isitishni yoqishga harakat qiling, shunda siz kelishdan oldin o'rindiq isishi uchun vaqt topadi. Keyin isitish tizimini o'chiring.·      Isitiladigan o'rindiqlar o'rniga Issiq qoplamalardan foydalaning. Agar o'rindiqni oldindan qizdirishning iloji bo'lmasa, unga issiq narsalarni qo'ying. Asosiysi, sovuqlikni oldini olish uchun sovuq yuzalardan emas issiq qoplamalardan foydalanishdir.·       Isitish quvvatini minimallashtiring. Oldinda uzoq safaringiz bo'lsa, isitish haroratini minimal darajaga qo'ying va harorat qulay bo'lganini his qilganingizda vaqti-vaqti bilan isitishni o'chiring.·       Foydalanish muddatini kuzatib boring. Isitishdan uzoq muddat foydalanish, ayniqsa uzoq safarlarda sog'liq uchun zararli bo'lishi mumkin.Agar siz ulardan oqilona foydalansangiz va sog'lig'ingizga bo'lgan ehtiyojni hisobga olsangiz, isitiladigan o'rindiqlar qulay xususiyatdir. Ushbu oddiy qoidalarga rioya qilish orqali siz o'zingizning farovonligingizni qurbon qilmasdan iliqlikdan bahramand bo'lishingiz mumkin. Ammo esda tuting: isitishni qayta ishlatishdan oldin, ayniqsa, tibbiy kontrendikatsiyalar mavjud bo'lsa, shifokor bilan maslahatlashish yaxshiroqdir.

DAVOLASHDavolanish har bir bemor uchun individual yondashuvni talab qiladi. Davolashning maqsadi simptomlaringizni nazorat qilishdir. Yengillik topilmaguncha, turmush tarzi o'zgarishi va tibbiy variantlarning kombinatsiyasi sinab ko'riladi.Ko'pchilik o'zini yaxshi his qilish yo'llarini topishi mumkin, ammo bu vaqt talab qilishi mumkin. Simptomlar yaxshilanishi uchun haftalar yoki oylar ketishi mumkin.IS/QOS davolash ko'pincha eng bezovta qiluvchi alomatlarga qaratilgan va ba'zida yengillik uchun bir nechta davo usullarini birlashtirish kerak bo'ladi. Albatta bu borada mustaqil shifokor ko'rsatmasisiz davolanish tavsiya qilinmaydi. Muvaffaqiyatli davolanish bilan ham, IC/BPS davolanmasligi mumkin, ammo remissiyada bo'lishi mumkin. Davolanish tartibiga rioya qilish (hatto alomatlarsiz ham) odatda davomiy bo'lishi shart.Quyida shifokoringiz siz bilan muhokama qilishi mumkin bo'lgan ba'zi davolash usullari mavjud.Hayot tarzi o'zgarishlari"Xulq-atvor terapiyasi" deb nomlanuvchi turmush tarzini o'zgartirish birinchi navbatda sinab ko'riladi. Xulq-atvor terapiyasida siz kundan-kunga yashash tarzingizni o'zgartirasiz. Bunga siz yeyayotgan yoki ichadigan narsalar yoki simptomlarni nazorat qiladigan usullarni qo'llash kiradi. Turmush tarzini o'zgartirish bilan siz barcha alomatlardan xalos bo'lolmaysiz, ammo bir nechta odatlarni o'zgartirgandan so'ng simptomlaringiz yaxshilanishi mumkin.Ba'zi oziq-ovqat va ichimliklarni cheklangIS/QOS bilan kasallangan ko'pchilik (ammo hammasi emas) ba'zi oziq-ovqat va ichimliklar simptomlarni yomonlashtirishiga sabab bo'ladi:Tsitrus mevalariPomidorlarShokoladQahva va kofeinli ichimliklarSpirtli ichimliklarAchchiq ovqatlarBa'zi gazlangan ichimliklarSimptomlarni kuchaytirishi mumkin bo'lgan ovqatlar ro'yxati uzoq, ammo hamma ovqatlar hamma odamlarga ta'sir qilmaydi. Oziq-ovqatlar sizga qanday ta'sir qilishini bilib olishingiz kerak. Eng aniq yo'l - bir haftadan ikki haftagacha "eliminatsiya dietasi" ni sinab ko'rishdir. Buning uchun siz siydik pufagini bezovta qiladigan ovqatlarni iste'mol qilmaslikdan boshlaysiz. Agar sizning alomatlaringiz IS/QOSni yo'q qilish dietasi bilan yaxshilansa, bu ro'yxatdagi kamida bitta oziq-ovqat IS/QOS belgilarining yomonlashishiga olib keladi degan ma'noni anglatadi. Keyingi qadam, aynan qaysi oziq-ovqatlar siz uchun muammo tug'dirayotganini aniqlashdir. Yo'q qilish dietasidan bir-ikki hafta o'tgach, IS/QOS oziq-ovqat ro'yxatidan bir vaqtning o'zida bitta ovqatni eyishga harakat qiling. Agar bu taom siydik pufagini bezovta qilmasa, unda bu taom siz uchun xavfsizdir. Bir necha kundan keyin siz ro'yxatdagi ikkinchi taomni sinab ko'rishingiz mumkin va hokazo. Shunday qilib, siz oziq-ovqatlarni bir vaqtning o'zida dietangizga qo'shasiz. Quvuq belgilari sizga nima sabab bo'lganini aytib beradi. Bir vaqtning o'zida faqat bitta yangi taom qo'shganingizga ishonch hosil qiling. Agar siz bir kunda banan, qulupnay va pomidorni iste'mol qilsangiz, qaysi ovqatlar simptomning kuchayishiga sabab bo'lganini bilmaysiz.O'z-o'zini parvarish qilish va stressni cheklashHissiy va ruhiy stress IS/QOS alomatlarini yomonlashtirishi mumkin. Bemorlarga oila, ish va yoki o'tmishdagi og'riqli tajribalarni engish ko'nikmalarini o'rganish tavsiya etiladi. Professional maslahat tashvish va og'riqni engish uchun yaxshiroq strategiyalarni o'rganish uchun foydali bo'lishi mumkin.Jismoniy terapiyaIS/QOS bilan og'rigan bemorlarda ko'pincha tos bo'shlig'ida sezgirlik va / yoki og'riq bor va ba'zida qo'lda fizikal massaj terapiyasi simptomlarni kamaytirishi mumkin. Tos bo'shlig'i mushaklarini mustahkamlash uchun jismoniy terapiya mashqlari simptomlarni yaxshilamasligi va ko'pincha ularni yomonlashtiradigan dalillar mavjud, shuning uchun Kegel mashqlari kabi mashg'ulotlar IS/QOS bilan og'rigan bemorlarga tavsiya etilmaydi. Biroq, tos bo'shlig'i nozikligi bilan yordam berish uchun o'qitilgan fizioterapevtlar qorin bo'shlig'i va tos bo'shlig'ida yengillikni taklif qilishlari, mushaklarning kontrakturasini uzaytirishlari va chandiqli yoki cheklangan to'qimalarni bo'shatishlari mumkin.Dori-darmonlarTavsiya etilishi  mumkin bo'lgan retsept bo'yicha ikkita dori turi og'iz orqali qabul qilinadigan va intravezikal dorilardir. Og'iz orqali qabul qilinadigan dori-darmonlarning ko'p turlari mavjud va yon ta'siri uyquchanlikdan oshqozon buzilishigacha bo'ladi. Intravezikal preparatlar kateter bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri siydik pufagiga joylashtiriladi.Og'iz orqali yuboriladigan dorilarSteroid bo'lmagan yallig'lanishga qarshi dorilar (NSAIDS)NSAIDlar va Asetaminofen ba'zi noqulayliklarni bartaraf etishga yordam beradi va retseptsiz mavjud.AmitriptilinAmitriptilin antidepressantning bir turi bo'lib, odatda IS/QOS simptomlarini yaxshilash uchun ishlatiladi. Antigistamin ta'siriga ega, siydik pufagining spazmlarini kamaytiradi va og'riq sezuvchi nervlar tasirlanishini kamaytiradi. U uyquga ham yordam beradi. Ushbu turdagi og'iz orqali dori ko'pincha surunkali og'riqlar uchun ishlatiladi, masalan, saraton va asab shikastlanishi. Eng ko'p uchraydigan nojo'ya ta'sirlar - uyquchanlik, ich qotishi va ishtahaning oshishi.Og'iz orqali pentosan polisulfat peroral dori visitasi interstiisial sistitda og‘riq qoldirish mexanizmi to‘liq aniq emas.  O‘zbekiston da bu dori ro‘yhatdan o‘tmagan.Gidroksizin va simetidinGidroksizin va Simetidin antigistaminlardir. Agar allergik reaktsiya og'riq va simptomlarning sababi deb hisoblansa, antigistamin IS/QOSni davolashga yordam beradi. Asosiy yon ta'siri uyquchanlik bo'lib, bu yordam berishi mumkin, chunki bemorlar kechalari yaxshiroq uxlab qolishlari va siydik chiqarish uchun kamroq turishlari mumkin.Intravezikal instilatsiyalarGeparinGeparin siydik pufagiga Pentosan polisulfat kabi yordam beradi. U siydik pufagiga kateter bilan joylashtiriladi. U har kuni ishlatilishi mumkin. Geparin faqat siydik pufagida qoladi va tananing qolgan qismiga ta'sir qilmaydi. Odatda lidokain yoki bupivikain kabi anestetik vosita bilan beriladi.Dimetil sulfoksid (DMSO).Dimetil sulfoksid (DMSO) kateter orqali to'g'ridan-to'g'ri siydik pufagiga joylashtiriladi. Bu odatda haftada bir marta olti hafta davomida amalga oshiriladi. Bu qanday yordam berishi aniq emas. U shishishni bloklashi, og'riqni kamaytirishi va to'qimalarga zarar etkazadigan "erkin radikallarni" olib tashlashi mumkin. Ba'zi shifokorlar uni boshqa dorilar bilan birlashtiradi, masalan, geparin yoki steroidlar (yallig'lanishni kamaytirish uchun). DMSO ning asosiy yon ta'siri bir necha soat davom etadigan sarimsoq kabi hiddir. Ba'zi bemorlar uchun DMSO ni siydik pufagigayuborish og'riqli bo'ladi, ammo mahalliy og'riqsizlantirish yordam beradi.Qo'shimchalar va o'simlik preparatlariIS/QOS ni boshqarishda yordam beradigan qoʻshimchadan foydalanayotgan boʻlishingiz yoki foydalanmasligingiz mumkin. Qaysi qo'shimchaning eng yaxshi ekanligini bilish juda chalkash bo'lishi mumkin. Ba'zi alomatlaringizni boshqarishga yordam beradigan bir nechtasi bor. Ularga quyidagilar kiradi:Kaltsiy glitserofosfat tanangizdagi kislotalilikni zararsizlantirishga yordam beradi. Kislotali ovqatlar va ichimliklar IS/QOS belgilarining kuchayishiga olib kelishi mumkin, shuning uchun uni faqat yuqori kislotali ovqatlar iste'mol qilganda ishlatishingiz kerak.Osteoartrit qo'shimchalari bemorlarning og'rig'ini kamaytirishga yordam beradi; misollar glyukozamin va xondroitinni o'z ichiga oladi.Quercetin kompleksi IS/QOS sabab bo'lgan yallig'lanishni kamaytirishga yordam beradi. Bundan tashqari, og'riq va boshqa siydik belgilarini kamaytirishi aniqlandi.Aloe kapsulalari nisbatan yangi qo'shimcha bo'lib, ba'zi IS/QOS bemorlari o'zlarining holatini boshqarish uchun foydalanadilar. Bu ba'zi bemorlarga yordam berishi mumkin, ammo uning afzalliklarini aniqlash uchun ko'proq tadqiqotlar talab etiladi.Agar sizda IS/QOS bo'lsa, siz vitamin C, L-arginin va L-sitrulinni qabul qilmasligingiz kerak. Ushbu dorilar sizning alomatlaringizni yomonlashtirishi mumkin!!!ProtseduralarGidrodistensiya bilan sistoskopiyaOperatsiya xonasida gidrodistentsiya bilan sistoskopiya (behushlik bilan) qovuqni to'liq quvvatga cho'zish uchun suv bilan to'ldiradi. Ko'pgina bemorlarda siydik pufagi og'rig'i va protseduradan keyin tez-tez yengillik seziladi. Agar yaralar paydo bo'lsa, shifokor ularni elektr yoki lazer bilan kuydirishi (yoqishi) yoki ba'zida yaraga steroidlarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yuborish bilan davolashi mumkin.Neyromodulyatsiya terapiyasiAgar boshqa muolajalar etarli darajada yordam bermasa, ilg'or davolash usullari yordam berishi mumkin. Sizni IS/QOS bo'yicha mutaxassis bo'lgan mutaxassis/urologga yuborishingiz mumkin. Mutaxassis neyromodulyatsiya terapiyasini taklif qilishi mumkin. Bu siydik pufagiga boradigan va undan chiqadigan nervlarga ularning ishlashini o'zgartirish uchun zararsiz elektr impulslarini etkazib beradigan davolash usullari guruhidir.Boshqa mulohazalarIS/QOS ni davolash mumkinmi?Ba'zi bemorlarda IS/QOS belgilari asta-sekin yaxshilanadi va hatto davolanish bilan yo'qoladi. Ko'p odamlar yillar davomida kelib chiqadigan alomatlarni topadilar. Og'riqning qaytib kelishiga nima sabab bo'lganligi noma'lum. Ko'pincha davolanish bemorning hayoti davomida doimiy ravishda talab qilinadi.Og'riqni boshqarish bilan ko'pchilik odamlar to'liq yashashlari mumkin. Simptomlarni qaytarishning oldini olish uchun siz quyidagilarni tanlashingiz mumkin:O'zingizni yaxshi his qilganingizdan keyin ham davolanish rejangizda qolingQuviqni bezovta qiladigan ovqatlardan saqlaningIS/QOS ni yomonlashtirishi mumkin bo'lgan harakatlardan qochingStressni boshqarishni o'rganing Doktoringizga beriladigan savollarMenga qanday davolash rejasini taklif qilasiz va nima uchun?Surunkali og'rig'im bilan nima qilishim mumkin?IS/QOS tanamning boshqa qismlariga ta'sir qiladimi?Kamroq suv ichish yordam beradimi?  Qanday qilib alovlanishdan qochishim mumkin?Qovuq spazmlari qanday davolanadi? Antidepressant menga yordam beradimi? 

Although each type of kidney stone is unique, there are recommendations that can help prevent any type of kidney stone. The main thing is hydration. It is recommended to drink 8-10 glasses of water a day. This can include coffee, tea and juice, but not dark drinks like Coca Cola. Although the reasons for avoiding dark cola are not entirely clear, cola contains phosphoric acid, which is known to acidify the urine and contribute to the formation of certain types of kidney stones. Instead, it is suggested to start each morning with a glass of warm water and drink throughout the day "with specific goals to achieve proper hydration." A healthy diet can also help. Diets promote vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and limit the more acidic full-fat dairy products, tropical oils, and fatty meats.Because calcium can block other substances that cause stones in the gastrointestinal tract, it helps to include calcium-rich foods in your diet, such as milk, cheese, yogurt, and greens. Daily Calcium In terms of calcium, the recommended dietary allowance for adults is 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams, depending on the person's age and gender. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends consuming less than 2,300 milligrams of sodium per day. One strategy to reduce your sodium intake is to read the labels of packaged and prepared foods, which often contain surprising amounts of salt, to make sure you stay within the recommended amount.You also need to be aware of certain conditions, including gout, obesity, and diabetes. This can increase the risk of kidney stones. This also applies to certain medications, including diuretics and calcium-based antacids. 

A few years ago, the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology published the results of a large population-based study showing a strong link between constipation and kidney disease.7-year follow-up data from 3.5 million American veterans were analyzed.During this period, 360,541 cases of chronic kidney disease (kidney failure) were diagnosed.With kidney failure the incidence rate was found to be significantly higher in people with constipation (33.9 per 1,000 patient-years, 16.1 per 1,000 patient-years).People with constipation not only had a 13% higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease, but also a 9% higher risk of developing end-stage kidney disease.Also, there is an association between constipation and the severity of kidney disease. Constipation is one of the most common problems, especially in the elderly. Regular bowel movements are essential for a healthy long life. along with the increase, intestinal transit disorder significantly aggravates the situation.

How common is kidney disease in children?Kidney disease is not common in children. Researchers do not know exactly how many children have kidney disease because many children have few or no symptoms in the early stages of the disease.Which children are more likely to get kidney disease?Kidney disease is more common in boys than in girls.What are the complications of kidney disease in children?Kidney disease in children complications may include:anemiacardiovascular disease or heart diseaseelectrolyte imbalance in the blood, especially potassiumgrowth problems, infectionmetabolic acidosismineral and bone disorderscognitive problemsurinary incontinenceKidney The disease can also affect children's lives in other ways, causing problems with behavior, relationships and self-esteem. Children with kidney disease may have difficulty concentrating and learning, and may develop language and motor skills more slowly than their peers. Parents or guardians will need to learn more about how to care for a child with kidney disease.

✳️ Leukocytes (sign of inflammation)Other signs of inflammation:presence of bacteria;"+" nitrite test;"+" leukocyte esterase;pH> 6.5.If there are no indications for treatment, antibiotics should be prescribed only after additional examination: urinalysis and ultrasound examination of the kidneys. The formation of coral stones is caused by bacteria that alkalinize urine with urease enzyme. does not❗It is not unusual for such patients to undergo ultrasound examination of the kidneys after six months of antibiotics, which have a temporary effect.👉 Bacteriological laboratory should be located in the building of urine collection👉 Urine should be given directly to the laboratory, from the middle part✳️ Erythrocytes:   oncopathological signs, only (ICD, trauma, glomerulonephritis, etc.) not "Modified" erythrocytes - from the upper urinary tract (kidneys, ureters)"Unmodified" - from the lower.Remember the rules of urine collection:👉 Remember that red blood cells usually appear after vigorous physical activity, especially running and similar physical activity) 🏃‍♀️🏃‍♂️‍➡️👉 It is not uncommon for red blood cells to appear in the urine of patients taking anticoagulants after a stroke and heart attack, after valve replacement, rhythm disorders, etc.👉 Remember that in 50% of cases, the cause of the appearance of red blood cells in the urine remains unclear.However, when red blood cells appear in the urine, the most important thing is to rule out oncopathology and other serious causes, such as stones in the kidney and urinary tract. collection).✳️ Protein in the urine:It should be evaluated when there are no large number of cells (leukocytes and erythrocytes) in the urine.Isolated proteinuria is a sign of kidney glomeruli damage.More accurate information is given by the daily proteinuria or albumin-creatinine ratio in the urine✳️ BLOOD TEST: CreatinineCreatinine is formed from creatine in the muscles is a substance.Almost all creatinine is excreted by the kidneys, so its concentration in the blood is a good indicator of their activity.The amount of creatinine produced depends on the total body weight and muscle mass. Its weight and structure are different in men, women and children.Nephrologists pay attention to the more accurate indicator "glomerular filtration rate (GFR)".It can be obtained using various methods, the simplest of which is based on the level of creatinine in the blood, taking into account the patient's age and gender.✴️ Ultrasound examination of the kidney and bladderIn most cases, it is convenient and safe to provide comprehensive information about the condition of the kidneys. research.